Cipto mangunkusumo biography

Indonesian independence leader

Cipto Mangunkusumo or Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo (4 March in Pecangakan, Ambarawa, Semarang – 8 March in Batavia) was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and Sukarno's political mentor.

Together with Ernest Douwes Dekker and Soewardi Soerjaningrat, he was one of the three founders of the influential Indische Party, a political party disseminating the idea of self-government of the Dutch East Indies.

Cipto mangunkusumo biography

After the party was labeled subversive by the colonial court of law in , he and his fellow IP leaders were exiled to the Netherlands.

Cipto advocated an Indies-based nationalism rather than Javanese nationalism.^[1] Unlike other Javanese nationalist leaders, Cipto's belief in democracy remained strong until the end of his life, and in his view, the traditional character of feudal Javanese civilization had to change.

He considered Western education and its subsequent social and cultural dislocation as indispensable in